Semiconductors are fundamental materials and devices used in electronic systems to control the flow of electrical current. They form the backbone of modern electronics by enabling switching, amplification, signal processing, and data storage functions. Semiconductors have electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators, which can be precisely controlled through doping and external electrical fields. Common semiconductor devices include diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, and sensors, each designed for specific electrical and functional requirements. Semiconductors are widely used in consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive systems, communication networks, medical equipment, and computing devices, contributing to miniaturization, high performance, energy efficiency, and overall technological advancement.